A Piece of Cake

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Our work in Room 28 is winding down.  We reached the level George Pepper and Richard Wetherill reached, found features that they did not expose, reopened areas that they dug beneath the floor, and took a small portion of the room to sterile soil.  We have spent the last week mostly recording the features, mapping, and taking samples.  There remain two beams in place that we still need to pull, more pollen samples to take, and a couple of pieces of ground stone incorporated into the architecture that we will also remove.  What did we find?  Pepper and Wetherill took many wonderful photographs and drew a schematic of the room, but they did not provide a complete description of the room and apparently did not uncover all of the walls and features.  We found and documented 27 postholes.  There probably were more that had been destroyed by their excavations.  We found a small thermal feature and ashpits.  We found a large pit dug by Wetherill and Pepper just outside Room 32, apparently to enlarge the space for working in that room.  We marveled that none of their crew was injured by falling walls (that we know of), when it took five sets of scaffolds to hold the walls in place for our excavations.  The artifactual finds will be described in the future.

Friday morning the student crew left Chaco and we began the LiDAR mapping of Room 28.  We continued mapping Saturday with rooms around Room 28 for context. Dr. Wetherbee Dorshow, President and Grand Poobah of Earth Analytic, Inc., Jed Frechette of Lidar Guys, and Scott Dillon of the Division for Historic Preservation in Vermont, collected over one-half billion data points that are accurate to less than a centimeter.  From these data, they will create a 3-D model of the room and surrounding area.   

At a going-away reception, Susan and Meredith, the campground hosts, made an incredible replica of the excavation in CAKE, with tiny cylinder jars and even a backdirt pile.  This was an entirely different 3D model of the excavation/room, and tasted better than the half billion data points.  Our thanks to them for their kindness and creativity!  And GB’s ice cream is the best version of chocolate ever consumed in Chaco. 

Our crew did a lot of work in a short period of time (23 work days!) with good humor.  As with all archaeological projects, we developed jokes, songs, and language that we all understood, but that folks outside the crew would probably find baffling and not as funny as we did.  The Park particularly asked us to limit our discussion of what we were finding—and in Chaco, where voices carry so far, to keep as quiet as possible.  This was both to keep from altering the Chaco experience by making noise and to avoid attracting vandalism.  So we often spoke in code.  The following list is for the crew, for the record, and everyone else may want to skip reading:

Welcome

on the radio: This is Pueblo Bonito

8 foot tall men

Screw-jacks
Candy canes of terror

Code Blue

Code White

Code Scott

Code 8

Code Chip

Code tree-ring sample

Dauby

daubaceous
a bat, a snake, and a packrat walk into a bar

Mr. Bucket

the Annex ("if I gave you a portapotty, would you drink more water?")

Won’t you screen my bucket?

That girl really works hard

Sheep corral

you need to take pictures of the sites you can't find

Schmonkeys

Look! it’s an MGM mock-up of an archaeological dig

this dirt is like buttah

Buck-o-matic

Bucket launcher

Chaco trivia contest

big hats

the bob-dog

the bob-lion

bobcat spray

PhD school

Bob, the OSHA guy

primate vocalizations

HEE hole

I feel like Cinderella

the Pepperill Project

Elvis has left the building

I’ll add blog entries as the project analysis is underway.  Once we have backfilled, it will be possible to discuss the results in more detail.  In the meantime,

UNM clear

What SPF Sunscreen did Indiana Jones use?

It is an ongoing joke among archaeologists that if you don’t want to speak to the person next to you on an airplane, you tell them you are a theoretical physicist.  Saying you are an archaeologist usually leads to a conversation about:

a)    how they always wanted to be an archaeologist and/or

b)   how they LOVE dinosaurs

It seems that many people think archaeology is an exciting profession, a viewpoint promoted by Hollywood depictions of “archaeologists” who usually pillage sites in ways that no self-respecting, trained professional would consider.  I find that about half of the students who attend field schools realize quickly that they don’t like being dirty, working outside, working tirelessly, and often finding nothing—so one function of field schools is to weed out those who think archaeology is the most wonderful experience they’ve ever had versus those who can’t stand field work.  The reality is that archaeology is really hard work, particularly fieldwork. 

What is a typical day like in the field?  On the Room 28 project, a typical day goes like this: we rise at 5 AM, eat breakfast, make our own lunches, slather on sunscreen, pull on clothing with SPF rating (which usually means long sleeves and long pants), and finally don a neon vest—which in Chaco identifies us as project members.  By 5:45, we are at the trucks, loading equipment for the day, along with our packs, water, and food.  We drive to Pueblo Bonito at 6 AM and are the first people there every day (the gates don’t open for tourists until 7 AM).  We haul the equipment to the excavation area and begin the opening—this involves a lengthy process of removing sandbags from the tarps that hang from the Quonset-hut shaped garage over the excavation—and rolling the tarps up and fastening them to the frame using the wonderful bungee balls (truly an invention right up there with mousetraps).  The ravens scold us as we unlock the equipment left at the site and distribute screens and buckets, and set up the shade over the screening area.  As the designated “Competent Person” (for OSHA purposes—this means I have the power to tell everyone to get out of the excavation, make decisions on what is safe and what isn’t, and fill out a safety checklist every single morning before we enter the dig), I don my hardhat and fill out a safety checklist, monitoring cracks in the walls, watching for any telltale piles of dirt on the floor that weren’t there the night before, and checking the scaffolding to make sure it hasn’t slipped.  ALL excavators working in trenches must meet OSHA standards—we wear hardhats, have an exit within four feet of our work at all times, and have a safety plan in case a wall falls. 

Then we start to excavate.  We use shovels in some levels if the material is just backfill, trowels where it is important.  We put the resulting dirt into buckets, usually using dustpans for this task.  The buckets are either carried to the top of the steps in the dig OR lately we have used a bucket raising device that involves a pulley and ropes to move buckets straight up and then over to the screening area—we call it the buck-o-matic.  The Park Service Stabilization Crew put it up for us and it’s very ingenious,  but does require a lot of strength to raise buckets, now that we are down 3+ meters.  We usually have 2-4 crew members in the excavation area and 2-4 in the screening area—we’ve used 1/8^th inch or window screen throughout most of the excavation, so screening a single bucket can take anywhere from 5 minutes to 30 minutes, depending on what is in it and how fine the mesh used for screening.  On a typical day, we screened around 150 buckets.

I think most archaeologists would agree on the qualities of an excellent crew member: they work tirelessly without complaint no matter the conditions; they take supervision well without any argument, but they often provide suggestions for ways to do things; they take a deep interest in archaeology and are always asking questions about the past and about what they are finding; they write thorough field notes every single day with lots of sketch maps; they are always looking around for what needs to be done; and they work quickly and efficiently in the field. 

We take cookie break at around 9 AM—a brief break for some food/drink.  Then back to work until lunch around 11:30.  Then more work until around 3:30-4 PM.  We take outreach seriously, so we talk to most visitors who stop at the “wayside exhibit” that is outside our excavation area.  Since we are located right ON the main trail through Pueblo Bonito, most people pass our area and stop and talk.  We have spoken to hundreds of visitors, in addition to field school groups and special interest groups.  Archaeological groups are sometimes invited to come into the excavation area, but we don’t have time to talk to everyone at length.  Some visitors from New York City stopped and looked at the dig area when we were inside the tent at lunch—they discussed how the Park Service had set up the area to look like a dig, but it wasn’t really realistic—more like MGM Studios version of a dig.  They were surprised when we popped up and chatted with them. 

Probably the most difficult part of the excavation is getting in and out of the excavation area—the five scaffolding pipes keep the walls from falling on us, but they make getting in and out a challenge.  We have stairs cut into the dirt, but we still have to negotiate the pipes—some require going under and others require stepping over.  As we’ve dug deeper, we bang our heads on the pipes less often, but it’s good we wear hardhats.  The location of the pipes prevents us from putting a ladder in—there is actually no place to put one where we could climb the ladder without running into the scaffolding.  So the stairs have been necessary. 

When close-up begins, we pull the tarps down, put sandbags on them, lock up some equipment and take the rest to the trucks.  After driving back to the residential area, the students unload the truck and do lab work until they are caught up—this means assigning field numbers, inventorying (counting) all artifacts in each category (sherds, chipped stone, ornaments, etc.).  There is a lot of paperwork to be done.  I sometimes meet with the Park Service personnel in the afternoons after work, meetings that can take minutes or hours.  Everyone eats around 6 PM—the students cook together in a cook trailer and they take turns cleaning up.  At 6:30 PM we reconvene for more lab work until it is finished.  Most of us are so tired, we go to sleep around 9-10 PM.  The students sleep in tents and have dealt with noisy birds, lizards under their tents, rain, wind, and dust storms since we got here.  Sometimes they barely sleep. 

The artifacts, samples, and fauna we’ve collected this summer will be taken to Albuquerque to analyze before being turned over the National Park Service for curation.  My NEH grant includes funding for the analysis, which will take place during the academic year.  Samples will be sent to specialists for analysis during that time too, including pollen, macrobotanical, and dated materials analysis. 

I don’t remember the Indiana Jones movies ever showing him drinking water or putting on sunscreen or cleaning the sand from his shoes (and ears) at the end of the day.  I never saw him write a field note or draw a sketch map.   I’m not sure he cleaned artifacts or even analyzed them once he had them.  This is my 39^th year of doing archaeology in the American Southwest and I don’t ever regret going into this profession.  But I certainly didn’t learn about what archaeologists do by watching movies….

I love the smell of bobcat pee in the morning

The critter that has been spraying in the Room 28 quonset hut covering has eluded the Park Service critter-cam, but we all suspect it’s a bobcat.  Why?  You know that smell that tells you the kitty litter box is overdue for a cleaning?  That’s exactly what Room 28 has smelled like the last few days.  Park Archaeologist Dabney Ford has suggested it might be TWO bobcats fighting over whose territory the Quonset hut really belongs to.  Last night, the critter apparently decided that a large bag we keep our project plastic bags in posed a threat—and he sprayed it; since that bag was in the bottom of the room space, he is (or they are) apparently concerned about more than just the unexcavated part of Room 28A that is under the tent.  Hopefully the critter cam will catch him in the act tonight. 

In addition to the excavation of Room 28, the crew has been involved in Site Condition Assessment with funding from the National Park Service under a contract to UNM and Dr. Chip Wills.  Dr. Wills has been doing site condition assessments in Chaco for four years now and has developed a really efficient method for completing the process.  The crew has to go off-trail in order to do the work of finding sites in Chaco and assessing their conditions today.  But going off-trail attracts attention in a park where this is not allowed, so in order to signal that they are WORKING, the crew wears bright orange or green vests, carries an NPS radio to communicate with the Park Service personnel about where they are going and how long they are out, and generally keeps everyone apprised of their actions.   Despite the vests, visitors to Chaco often see people walking off trail and report the crew.  It’s hard to imagine that tourists going off-trail would wear neon vests, but it apparently can happen.  So we felt the crew needed some additional identifying clothing to distinguish them from people breaking the law.  See photo below.

We spent today mapping the room and cleaning out the postholes—Pepper had pulled the beams from all but a couple of them already, but they are very well preserved and lined postholes.  Today we had a lot of visitors:  Dr. Bruce Huckell came up from UNM for a few hours—it was great to have his perspective on our work in Room 28 and some of the chipped stone materials we are finding.  The SMU field school visited led by Dr. Kit Nelson.  Finally, Bob Dunnington from UNM visited to assess our safety.  He gave us the go-ahead to keep working and cut back a part of the profile and the balk covering the door to Room 32.  So we have some work ahead in the next few days.  We won’t take tomorrow off, so we’ll miss seeing fireworks, but somehow being in Chaco is even better.

Jennie Sturm, Leigh Cominiello, unknown person, and Chip Wills model latest fashion for Site Condition Assessment.  The hope is that someone reporting the crew as wearing neon vests AND tall hats might tip off the Law Enforcement group that it is our crew.  Thanks to Jim von Haden for the photograph.

Finally!

Note: This post was written last night, but the Chaco wifi went down and I couldn't post it until today.

Today, July 2, 2013, we finally reached the surface to which Pepper and Wetherill excavated in 1896!  It was our thirteenth 20 cm level, meaning that we have excavated about 2.6 meters below the present ground surface—a long way to go in only 14 days of excavating.  The surface was fairly easy to find: a thick layer of powdered daub and chunks of daub covered the western half of the room and clearly represented the material Pepper described in his volume on Pueblo Bonito.  As we troweled this matrix away, we reached a stratum with no burned material at all, and we discovered all of the postholes that Pepper drew on his map of the room.  It was so strange to use photographs to help excavate a Pueblo room!  There is no question about this being the surface they excavated to—it is just deeper than anticipated.  Part of the problem in estimating how deep the Hyde Expedition excavated in Room 28 is that their photographs of the entire room only show the upper layers of the cache, while the photographs of the 2^nd-5^th layers are close-ups—so there is no way to evaluate how deep he excavated to reach these layers.  Now we know.  The doors in the room remained blocked, so they were not helpful in estimating the depth.  At any rate, it was very exciting to reach our first goal.  Now we just need to figure out a way to view the original stratigraphic profile safely.  The UNM OSHA Engineer, Bob Dunnington, will visit us this week to help determine how and if we can safely cut back the profile.  Using the backfill profile has actually been quite helpful these past weeks in evaluating how Pepper/Wetherill backfilled and where we might be in the room fill.

Patricia Crown and Jacque Kocer compare stratigraphic features to a photograph from the 1896 excavation of Room 28. 

We’ve had a visitor the past two nights.  Some critter (some of us are betting bobcat, others badger) has been spraying in the room at night.  It provides a pungent atmosphere for excavation.  The OSHA safety form I’m required to fill out every day asks about exposure to a hazardous atmosphere—and we think this might be exactly the condition they had in mind.  The Chaco Chief of Natural Resources, Jim von Haden has set up a camera to try to catch our new friend in the act, so we’ll see what tomorrow morning brings.

We have a lot of work yet to do to document the room and its features, to pull posts for tree-ring dating, and search for the floor, but we are very happy to have reached the level Pepper did 117 years ago.  We have been working ten hour days in the field in 90-100 degree heat followed by evening lab sessions, so the extraordinary crew is tired—but pleased to have accomplished so much to date.  

Room 28 at surface excavated by Pepper and Wetherill.  The scaffolding is ours. 

 

We continue to have a lot of visitors: yesterday brought a group (staff and students) from Crow Canyon Archaeological Center, including Kari Schleher, Karen Adams (the project macrobotanical expert), Randy McGuire and the CCAC interns.  Today we had a large group of tourists from Slovenia, all of whom spoke excellent English.  AND I forgot to mention in this blog on our work last Friday that we had excellent help that day from Brenda Shears of Arizona State University—she worked tirelessly with the crew on a day when we were particularly in need of extra hands. 

One week after Solstice

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Excavations on Friday (June 28, 2013) brought some surprises.  We reached the bottom of our 11^th 20 cm level, meaning that we have now excavated 2.2 m below the surface.  It’s getting harder to get in and out of the room.  The eastern wall of the room does not really appear in the photographs from Pepper and Wetherill’s excavations, so we were uncertain what this wall would look like, especially in the SE corner of the room.  We knew that the partition wall between 28 and 28A was about 1’ wide (according to Pepper) and masonry.  On Friday, we uncovered a post-reinforced adobe or plaster wall directly in front of the masonry wall (see photo below).   The tops of the post holes were filled with ash, but the slightest tap and the ash fell into a seemingly bottomless hole.  Measurement with a carpenter’s rule revealed that the postholes are 1.2 meters deep!  It feels as if there is a flagstone at the bottom of each.  In the SE corner of Room 28, two flat stones are positioned—there was burned daub atop them, so it is likely they are actually part of the wall, but they are definitely shaped stone.  

Postholes in partition wall between Rooms 28 and 28A.  Note flat stones in SE corner of room.

Work in the western part of the room revealed several surprises.  A mass of burned material surrounded a glass bottle.  Our resident historical archaeology expert, crewmember Leigh Cominiello, is working on finding out more about the bottle and its contents.  The bottle, two rusted cans, and several nails constitute the historic artifacts we have found.  Along the south wall of the room, about midway between the west and east walls, we encountered a wooden plank that is over a meter in length.  The plank is in good condition.  Because Pepper did not describe finding any planks in Room 28, the recovery of this plank helps confirm that Room 28 was backfilled with material from another room or rooms.  Nearby were two other pieces of wood, probably posts or roofing material.  We took all of these for identification of the wood and possible tree-ring dating.  Having read about planks in Pepper and Judd’s volumes on Pueblo Bonito, it is instructive to see how uniformly shaped and thin they are.  It is hard to imagine creating these with stone tools.

Near the center of the room, we found a complete trough metate.  It is in excellent condition, but Pepper and Wetherill probably decided it was too cumbersome to ship back East and left it in the room.  

Base of Level 11 in Room 28.  Note the beautiful screw-jacks!  The metate is visible in the center of the photograph. 

I believe we are now within about 20 cm of the surface where Pepper and Wetherill found the cylinder jars.  The matrix is sandy loam, but there are lots of rocks just beneath this level, so the next level may take some time to excavate.  Note our two new screw-jacks, which provide novel ways to challenge our hard hats! 

Room 28: The Movie

If Room 28 ever becomes the subject of a movie, the trailer would go something like this (and please read with a really deep voice):

In a World made of sandstone, nothing is what it seems.  Only the rough survive. 

Anyone who has worked in Chaco can verify that sandstone aspires to be anything but a rock.  It tries hard to look like broken pottery, chipped stone, and even shell.  It was the most common stone used for groundstone artifacts, such as manos and metates, in Chaco, and yet most of the time sandstone is just sandstone.  Sometimes it was shaped for use as masonry or for features (hearths, hatches).  And sometimes it was actually used as a groundstone artifact.  Figuring out which pieces of sandstone are actual artifacts takes some time and experience.  We have now removed at least six wagonloads of non-artifactual sandstone from Room 28 and it is clear that there is still much to remove.  Pepper and Wetherill apparently preferred to throw lots of rocks in front of doors as they backfilled.  Part of the room is sandy loam and easy to excavate and the rest is a tangled mess of rocks.  We are getting closer to the floor, but still have about 20-40 cm to go before we reach the level where Pepper stopped digging.

One filled doorway collapsed yesterday, with rocks filling the upper part falling downward into the lower part as we cleared it.  We were clearing it to have one of the NPS crew members, Harold Suina, fill it with new masonry to keep it from collapsing.  And then part of it collapsed.  He is truly a master mason and did a beautiful job building a new filler for the door.  This will then be covered with yet another screwjack and plywood to hold the opposite wall in place.  The other two doorways in Room 28 are not faring much better. The doorway in the NE corner has a collapsed lintel, so we can’t work in that area at all—the entire wall above it might fall.  The doorway in the NW corner also has a fallen lintel—this time made of wood instead of stone, so we are carefully avoiding the area until we have excavated the rest of the room. 

Harold Suina fills the SE doorway of Room 28 to keep it from collapsing.

Level 10 completed for Room 28.  Large balk on right is to protect collapsed NE door to Room 28.  Smaller pedestal at northwest corner of room is to protect door into Room 32.  Burning is evident on south wall of room.  The stratigraphic profile clearly shows the backfill thrown against the south wall by the Hyde Expedition. 

We had a lot of visitors yesterday.  The UNM Department of Anthropology Staff visited: Jennifer George, JoNella Vasquez, Carla Sarracino, Ann Braswell, Matt Tuttle, and Joanne Kuestner visited the site, followed by a crew from the Office of Contract Archaeology led by Kevin Brown, then Cottonwood Gulch, then the Campfire Boys and Girls, and finally a group from the University of Georgia (led by John Kantner).

Little Room in the Pueblo

We returned to the excavations in Room 28 at Pueblo Bonito today after a hiatus.  The complex way in which the room was backfilled continues to surprise us.  In the NW corner of the room, we continue to find charred roofing beams suitable for tree-ring dating (although we don’t know exactly which room they came from).  In the SW corner, there is a clear area of sand that may be: an unexcavated area left by George Pepper OR blow sand that filled a void in the room once it was excavated OR blow sand from some other room thrown here by Pepper as he excavated adjoining rooms.  This area is easy and fun to excavate.  The center of the room from west to east is filled with rocks—masonry from some place, often with air pockets between the rocks.  The rocks seem endless—the Park Service provides a wagon for the rocks and takes them away to use in stabilization activities.  They have hauled away five or six wagon loads of rocks so far.  

Panorama view of excavation area.  On the left, screens set up on top of a tarp.  In the center, stabilization crew carries plywood by little green wagon filled with rocks from the excavation.  To the right, the gray 'garage' covering Room 28. 

The NE door, which led into Room 51A has largely collapsed—the lintel is broken and leaning at a dangerous angle.  So despite our interest in working in this area, it is too dangerous to remove any more supporting dirt in front of the door.  The door to the plaza, located in the SE corner of the room had been filled with rock at some point in the last hundred years—just in front of the door is an iron can surrounded by rock, all clearly located within a pit.  The entire feature may have been placed here to support the rocks in the door.  This was a door that had steps that led up into the plaza adjacent to Room 28.  Because of the rocks filling the door, we will have to forego excavating the door further—once again, it’s too dangerous.  Another screwjack will be placed from door to door on the eastern end of the room sometime in the next couple of days.  We are getting a lot of exercise bobbing up and down around the screwjacks.

As we get closer to the area where George Pepper found the cylinder jars, we have begun screening everything with 1/8^th inch mesh and some areas with windowscreening.  It takes longer to screen this way, but it ensures that we aren’t missing artifacts and fauna in the screens.  Dr. Wills located a corncob in the screen today!  Only our second in this room. 

Some friends in Alaska graciously sent us a vintage game called Mr. Bucket to play in our spare time.  We appreciate the opportunity to spend more time with buckets.  Thanks to Will and Mark for the excellent gift!

Another Friday in Pueblo Bonito

After someone broke into the excavation area, the Park Service has asked that we keep comments about what we are finding to a minimum.  So we will primarily talk about the architecture and fill we are encountering here.  Those of you who have read previous posts may notice that they have now been updated to remove mention of artifacts.  Because we are still in the backfill in Room 28, we are finding mostly broken pottery and chipped stone—nothing out of the ordinary for Chaco sites of this time period.  However, it has become clear that the backfill we are digging through includes primarily fill from Room 28, with some mixture from adjacent rooms.

We seem finally to be getting to the bottom of the burned material—there is much less charcoal and burned daub in the 8^th layer we are currently excavating; 8 layers means we are now excavating down to 160 cm from were we began two weeks ago.  The complex system of screw-jacks in place make it hard to excavate, but our hardhats help keep our heads safe as we duck under the steel pipes! 

We have been starting the day at 7 AM, but will start earlier as it gets hotter.  It’s wonderful to be the first people out at Pueblo Bonito— the birds and animals provide the only sounds.  Crows like to tease us from atop the Canyon wall.  Sometimes we encounter the elk herd in the morning before they find shade for the day. 

Friday was a busy day, with visits from the Sierra Club (led by Karen Grief), Steve Lekson/Cathy Cameron and their students, William Walker and the NMSU field school students, and finally Barbara West and friends. 

News from Room 28

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Things have been very busy in Chaco Canyon.  We have removed a couple more levels of Room 28, but are still working through the backfill from the 1896 excavations.  The work is slowed primarily by the presence of both charred roofing beams (literally hundreds) and burned daub (the material packed around the roofing material to create both roof and floor above).  Safety issues forced us to add two additional screw jacks crossing the room at 90 degree angles—so we now need to negotiate three separate steel pipes crossing the room—but they provide support from the walls of the room and ensure that we are safe.  We also have a security guard protecting the excavation when we are not present—and this turned out to be a good thing on Saturday when a man with a shovel sneaked into the excavation and was scared away by our security guard. 

Emily Jones, UNM faculty member and faunal expert, joined us on Tuesday.  She identified many of the bones we have recovered, including birds, rabbits, and rodents—many rodents!  It was wonderful to have the help and identifications of our fauna.

Some of the material we are finding suggests that the backfill we are digging is indeed from Room 28.  What a surprise if George Pepper somehow managed to return the fill of Room 28 to its original location after moving it around.  While modern archaeologists virtually always backfill with the dirt they remove from an excavation, Pepper's field notes indicate he excavated other rooms before backfilling Room 28 and that he used Room 28 to hold the dirt from those other excavations-- but perhaps only temporarily.  Ultimately, he may have succeeded to putting the Room 28 fill back where it came from.

Ruminating on Room 28

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Room 28 continues to provide puzzles for us to ponder.  By Friday afternoon, we were well into Level 4.  This level is characterized by a series of strips with different characteristics.  Along the west wall of the room, the matrix continues to contain charred roofing wood and burned daub.  To the east, in the center of the room, is a strip of sand, followed further east by more burned material, and then a final strip of sand and fallen masonry.  The complexity of the level makes it difficult to excavate, so we ended the day having about five centimeters left to complete the level.  We have not yet reached the partition wall that Pepper found separating Rooms 28 and 28a—it should be somewhere under the wall fall.  We think it is possible that the wall fall came from a wall constructed to keep people from entering the room some time in the last century.

Some of the daub is fascinating, with impressions of the small pieces of wood used in the roofing as well as the knots used to tie them together.  The largest chunk of daub is almost a square foot in size and includes both the impressions of the ceiling as well as the plaster floor above. 

We are fortunate to be able to screen all material close to the room—we are screening onto a large tarp set up above Room 37, with four screens set up side by side—three are ¼” and one 1/8”.  We put the sandstone we find into two areas: some shows signs of use for ground stone artifacts (broken manos, metates, and other grinding stones).  The stones that were architectural, such as masonry blocks, are put in a wagon and will be used by the stabilization crew in repairing walls in Chaco.  The dirt we screen will eventually be returned to the room when we are finished excavating. 

Artifacts are not abundant in the fill—we generally find only 1 artifact per screen.  Sherds are the most common artifact type, followed by chipped stone, and then ground stone.  We also find faunal bone, which seems to be from small animals.  Faunal expert and UNM faculty member, Emily Jones, visits us tomorrow, so we’re hoping to get some IDs for the bones from here. 

Room 28 continued

 

We’ve had a busy two days in Room 28 at Pueblo Bonito!  We have excavated about 40-60 cm throughout the room.  The western 2/3 is filled with burned roofing material—beams and daub (the plaster capping on the ceilings that also served as the floor of upper stories).  The charred beams are very well preserved, so we are collecting them, although we do not know exactly where they came from (except Pueblo Bonito, of course).  The burned daub has impressions from the beams and we are also saving many of these fragments because they can tell us a lot about roofing. 

Surprisingly, the eastern 1/3 of the room is completely different—it is filled with fine sand and large sandstone masonry blocks.  It is clear that a wall was built in this area at some time in the last 100 years and then toppled, probably on purpose, but left in the room.  We removed about 100 sandstone blocks and many more small chinking stones.  We do not know who built the wall or why, but it certainly has slowed our progress.  One thing about archaeology is that you can never be sure what you will find.

Partially excavated Level 3 showing abundance of wall fall on eastern end of Room 28.

In this photograph, you can see the charred material on the western part of the room (top of photo, taken looking west), and the wall fall on the east.  We had excavated part way through the level when this photograph was taken, so the entire room is not down to level yet.  This photograph is taken looking in the same direction as Pepper's historic photograph of the room in our first posting.  You can compare our progress by looking for the two white rocks on the western wall of his photo, also seen here near the southern corner of the wall.  We have a long way to go!

The northern wall of the room has bowed inward since George Pepper excavated here—this is clear from the historic photographs of the room.  So today the stabilization crew came and put a screw jack in place—this involves putting squares of plywood against the northern and southern walls and a large pipe in between that is threaded so that they can gradually push the plywood tightly against the walls.  This will prevent the walls from falling into the room and keep the crew safe.  It won’t make our photographs look very pretty though!

Stabilization crew putting the screw jack in place in Room 28

Our hardworking crew is out at the site from 7:15 to 3:30 daily.  Five are UNM graduate students: Leigh Cominiello, James Davenport, Scott Gunn, Jacque Kocer, and Jennie Sturm.  One is starting Amherst College in the Fall: Yvonne Green.  Some of them will be posting on this blog in the coming weeks.  We’ve talked to visitors from all over the world. 

First Days at Pueblo Bonito

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Greetings from Chaco Canyon!  We began excavations in Room 28 at Pueblo Bonito on Monday, June 3, 2013.  The NPS wanted to keep the excavations secure by constructing a tent over the entire room.  The wonderful stabilization crew, under the supervision of Archaeologist Dabney Ford, had designed a clever way to cover the room.  By 10:00 AM, they had built a portable “garage” over the excavations.  With the addition of a few tarps and sandbags, the structure provides shade during the hot days, protection from rain, and security for the dig at night. 

After photographing the room, searching for surface artifacts, and taking depth measurements, we put our first shovel in the room at about 10:30.  The material in the room is what archaeologists call “backfill”—that is, dirt, rocks, and other material that is put in an excavation after it is finished in order to keep the space from collapsing AND to protect people and animals from falling into the excavated area.  So someone had backfilled Room 28—probably the Hyde Exploring Expedition archaeologists George Pepper and Richard Wetherill.  Our Ground Penetrating Radar analysis of the room (see poster from earlier posting) had shown some anomalies that suggested rocks and burned beams, but we really had no way to know what we would encounter in Pepper’s backdirt.

The first layer was fine sand with almost no artifacts, as the photograph shows.  But just below this layer we began to encounter charred wooden beams—large and well preserved.  While we do not know where they came from, they certainly came from Pueblo Bonito somewhere, so we are collecting the best preserved for tree-ring dating and species identification.  Pepper had noted that both Room 28 and adjacent Room 55 burned.  Since Room 55 was excavated later than Room 28, it is possible that Pepper used the dirt he excavated from Room 28 to fill in Room 28.  It is much less likely that he used the dirt from Room 28 to backfill the room.  Because the lower level of Rooms 28 and 55 were once part of a single long room, if the beams indeed came from Room 55, they might actually help date Room 28 as well.  The dates may help us figure out where the beams came from.

Other than burned beams, we are finding few artifacts in the first layers of Room 28—only an average of one piece of broken pottery in each bucket, a few scattered pieces of animal bone, and a couple of fragments of chipped stone.  We are still at least one meter (about one yard) above the surface on which Pepper found the cylinder jars in Room 28.  At our present rate, it will take about two weeks to reach that level.

Greetings from UNM in Albuquerque!  We move out to Chaco on Sunday and will begin work on Room 28 in Pueblo Bonito on Monday morning, June 3, 2013.  Some people have asked how we get to work in Chaco Canyon, so I thought I'd provide some background on the process.

The first step was to talk with the Park Archaeologists about the possibility of reopening Room 28 in Pueblo Bonito.  Because of our interest in understanding how cacao got to Chaco and how it was used within the Canyon, we proposed that reopening the room where most of the cylinder jars were found would provide information on the dating of the room, the use of the room, and the ultimate burning/abandonment of the room.  George Pepper had provided one possible scenario for these events and Neil Judd had provided an alternative.  After consulting George Pepper's field notes, it seemed possible that neither the Pepper nor the Judd interpretations of events were correct, and I (Patricia Crown) proposed a third possible set of events. Talks with the Park Archaeologists began in 2009.

So the second step was the create a formal research proposal to submit to the Chaco Culture National Historical Park.  This outlines questions and approaches to answering them.  It was submitted in May 2010.  The Park gave me internal comments and the proposal was revised in March 2011.   The Park sent the revised proposal out for review to two groups: three professional archaeologists and 25 member tribes of the Chaco Consultation Committee.  They sent me the resulting comments in August 2011.  I revised the proposal in response to those comments and to some specific requirements from the NPS.  A final, final version of the NPS proposal was completed and accepted in October of 2011.

Once I had permission to reopen the room, the third step was to obtain funding.  I submitted a proposal to the National Endowment for the Humanities Collaborative Research Grants program in December 2011.  This was accepted for funding by July 2012, but required a matching grant.  The National Geographic Society Committee on Research and Exploration provided a second grant.  By March 2013, I had all of the necessary funding in place to begin the project in Summer 2013.

Conducting archaeological research in the 21st Century is a complex process!  We're hopeful that four years of planning will culminate this summer with answers to some important questions about the past in Chaco!

Our Poster!

We are happy to present the interpretive poster that will be featured at the park this summer. This poster will be displayed on the visitors' trail near the excavations.